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href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u4ece\u51fa\u751f\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u3002\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u4f53\u5236\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e0e\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\u76f8\u914d\u5408\uff0c\u5c06\u4e2a\u4eba\u7262\u56fa\u5730\u7a33\u5b9a\u5728\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\uff1a\u5730\u7406\u7684\u3001\u9636\u5c42\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uff082\uff09\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5bf9\u826f\u5fc3\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u826f\u5fc3\u201d\u6307\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u6d89\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u201c\u826f\u5fc3\u201d\u5e76\u975e\u79c1\u4eba\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7ecf\u9662\u5b66\u672f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u826f\u5fc3\u201d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u4ece\u4f26\u5df4\u5e95\u7684\u5f7c\u5f97\uff08Peter Lombard, ca.1096-1160\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u501f\u7528\u54f2\u7f57\u59c6\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u5728\u6b64\u4e16\u867d\u7136\u9677\u5728\u7f6a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u5185\u5fc3\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u671d\u5411\u826f\u5584\u7684\u5929\u7136\u8d8b\u5411\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u704c\u6ce8\u5728\u4eba\u5fc3\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u706b\u82b1\u201d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u201c\u826f\u77e5\u201d\uff08synderesis\uff09\u3002\u5341\u4e09\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u574e\u7279\u4f2f\u96f7\u5927\u4e3b\u6559\u6717\u987f\uff08Stephen Langton\uff09\u5219\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u201c\u826f\u77e5\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u826f\u77e5\u4e4b\u7528\u201d\uff08conscientia\uff09\uff0c\u826f\u77e5\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u826f\u77e5\u4e4b\u7528\u5219\u662f\u5c06\u539f\u5219\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8def\u88ab\u540e\u6765\u7684\u7ecf\u9662\u5b66\u8005\u91c7\u7eb3\uff0c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u594e\u90a3\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u4ee5\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u826f\u77e5\u201d\u662f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u9519\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u826f\u77e5\u4e4b\u7528\u201d\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u9519\u8bef\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u826f\u77e5\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7406\u6027\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u826f\u77e5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9886\u609f\u673a\u80fd\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u660e\u767d\u7406\u6027\u7684\u539f\u7406\uff1b\u826f\u77e5\u4e4b\u7528\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u8df5\u673a\u80fd\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\u9886\u609f\u7684\u7406\u6027\u539f\u7406\u3002\u524d\u8005\u5929\u7136\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u4f7f\u4e4b\u8fdb\u5165\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u9020\u6210\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u4fbf\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e73\u987a\u5730\u5d4c\u5165\u4e86\u6559\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u4f1a\u56e0\u4f7f\u5f92\u7edf\u7eea\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u4f20\u627f\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6240\u8d50\u4e88\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u6743\u529b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ca\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u5916\u5728\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ca\u4e8e\u5185\u5fc3\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u4ea6\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u76d1\u7763\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u4ed6\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u80fd\u591f\u5f97\u6551\u3001\u8fdb\u5165\u5929\u5802\u3002\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u5185\u5ead\u201d\uff08internal forum\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u5916\u5ead\u201d\uff08external forum\uff09\u3002\u5185\u5ead\u7ba1\u8f96\u4eba\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\uff0c\u5916\u5ead\u7ba1\u8f96\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff1b\u5185\u5ead\u901a\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7\u544a\u89e3\u7684\u5723\u793c\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u5916\u5ead\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u89c4\u6267\u884c\uff1b\u5185\u5ead\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e3b\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u5916\u5ead\u4e8b\u52a1\u591a\u6307\u5411\u516c\u5171\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5c31\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5916\u5728\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u4e03\u9879\u5723\u793c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6709\u5185\u5ead\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5c31\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u5185\u5ead\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u826f\u5fc3\u5ead\u201d\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u8005\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u4f59\u5730\u4ece\u826f\u5fc3\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\u4f5c\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u67d4\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6761\u6587\u3001\u7ef4\u6301\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u5bf9\u6559\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u7684\u6392\u5e03\uff0c\u65e2\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u517c\u987e\u5230\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u826f\u5fc3\u7684\u7167\u987e\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5723\u793c\uff0c\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u89e6\u3001\u5851\u9020\u548c\u89c4\u5236\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uff083\uff09\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u826f\u5fc3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u8def\u5fb7\u5bf9\u6297\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u826f\u5fc3\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u6c83\u5c14\u59c6\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u4f5c\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u7b54\u590d\uff1a\u201c\u9664\u975e\u7528\u5723\u7ecf\u91cc\u7684\u7bb4\u8a00\u6216\u660e\u767d\u7684\u7406\u6027\u8bc1\u660e\u6211\u9519\u4e86\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u6211\u4e0d\u4f1a\u653e\u5f03\u6211\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff1b\u6211\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u6559\u7687\u7684\u4e5f\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b97\u6559\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u660e\u663e\u6709\u8bef\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u76f8\u4e92\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u6211\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u5411\u7740\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u884c\u4e8b\u65e2\u4e0d\u8bda\u5b9e\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\u3002\u613f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4fdd\u4f51\uff01\u963f\u4eec\uff01\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8def\u5fb7\u627f\u53d7\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc9\u8bf8\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\u6559\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u6781\u5927\u5730\u8d25\u574f\uff1b\u4ed6\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u6309\u7167\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u60ef\u4f8b\u8bc9\u8bf8\u5404\u79cd\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6559\u5ef7\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u4eec\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc9\u8bf8\u90a3\u4e9b\u6743\u5a01\uff1b\u4ed6\u4e5f\u96be\u4ee5\u8bc9\u8bf8\u5927\u516c\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u521d\u4ee3\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6559\u5ef7\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd0\u7528\u8bb8\u591a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u51b3\u8bae\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u8bc9\u8bf8\u4e8e\u7406\u6027\u3001\u5723\u7ecf\u548c\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u800c\u826f\u5fc3\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u6297\u8bae\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u5bf9\u826f\u5fc3\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u5927\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u6781\u5927\u8d25\u574f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u542f\u52a8\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u610f\u5473\u7740\u79bb\u5f00\uff08\u6709\u5f62\u7684\uff09\u6559\u4f1a\u3002\u201c\u56e0\u4fe1\u79f0\u4e49\u201d\u6559\u4e49\u7684\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e2a\u522b\u5730\u7ad9\u5728\u795e\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4f5c\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4eab\u6709\u826f\u5fc3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u79bb\u5f00\u6709\u5f62\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e0d\u96be\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u5728\u6781\u4e3a\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u5904\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u56de\u5230\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6539\u9769\u6559\u4f1a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u89c2\u5c31\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u4e0e\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9762\u8c8c\u3002\u5728\u8def\u5fb7\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u826f\u5fc3\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u591a\u5c11\u88ab\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230\u7406\u6027\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u9886\u609f\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u673a\u80fd\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u6b27\u767b\u9053\u666e\uff08Johann Oldendorp\uff09\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u62ac\u9ad8\u826f\u5fc3\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u826f\u5fc3\u4e43\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u666e\u901a\u7684\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u795e\u5723\u7684\u7406\u6027\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e00\u65b9\u5bf9\u8def\u5fb7\u5f00\u8f9f\u7684\u8fd9\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6700\u5f3a\u70c8\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd0\u7528\u65e7\u5f0f\u826f\u5fc3\u89c2\uff0c\u6307\u8d23\u65b0\u6559\u4eba\u58eb\u8bef\u7528\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u826f\u5fc3\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u9519\u7684\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5bf9\u65b0\u6559\u7684\u6700\u4e25\u5389\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u53c8\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u89c2\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4eba\u56e0\u7f6a\u800c\u8d25\u574f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u7f6a\u4eba\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u4f55\u4ee5\u4ecd\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\u501a\u91cd\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9762\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u6781\u4e3a\u6574\u5168\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u5728\u6781\u5ea6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6539\u9769\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u795e\u5b66\u4e0a\u4ee5\u4e2a\u4eba\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0a\u5219\u4ee5\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5f00\u8f9f\u51fa\u4e00\u6761\u6539\u9769\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5f53\u8def\u5fb7\u6253\u5012\u4e94\u9879\u5723\u793c\u3001\u6253\u5012\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u4ee4\u539f\u5148\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u5723\u7edf\u5236\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u548c\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u4e0d\u518d\u76d1\u7763\u6216\u7ba1\u8f96\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u9762\u5bf9\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u56f0\u5883\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u6536\u62e2\u79c1\u4eba\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u3002\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u519c\u6c11\u8d77\u4e49\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u53cd\u5bf9\u519c\u6c11\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u662f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u90fd\u4e1d\u6beb\u4e0d\u53d7\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>\u8fd9\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u89c2\u548c\u6539\u6559\u8fd0\u52a8\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u65b0\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. 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href=\"#_ftn9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uff083\uff09\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u53ca\u5176\u77db\u76fe<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u6539\u6559\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9762\uff1a\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u6253\u7834\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8131\u51fa\u6559\u4f1a\u6846\u67b6\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u4ea8\u5229\u516b\u4e16\u5728\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u5bfb\u6c42\u79bb\u5a5a\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u906d\u9047\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u7684\uff09\u963b\u788d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u8d70\u5411\u4e0e\u6559\u5ef7\u51b3\u88c2\u4e4b\u8def\u3002\u4ea8\u5229\u6216\u4ed6\u7684\u8c0b\u81e3\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u63a5\u89e6\u4e86\u6539\u6559\u5bb6\u7684\u8bba\u8457\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u73b0\u201c\u826f\u5fc3\u201d\u662f\u6253\u7834\u6559\u5ef7\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u8def\u5fb7\u4ee4\u5fb7\u56fd\u6559\u4f1a\u8131\u51fa\u5927\u516c\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u7247\u6218\u573a\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ea8\u5229\u4ee5\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u6b65\u6001\u4ee4\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u5bb6\u8131\u51fa\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff08Christendom\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u5230\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u8c08\u8bba\u4e00\u79cd\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u795e\u5b66\u201d\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u8bb8\u591a\u8ff9\u8c61\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u5e38\u5e38\u5728\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6539\u9020\u540e\u88ab\u5e73\u79fb\u5230\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4ea8\u5229\u5728\u8131\u79bb\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u5ef7\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u5927\u5b66\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u4ee5\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u4e3a\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u6253\u7834\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u7684\u89c4\u5236\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u5851\u9020\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5143\u9996\u3002\u4e0e\u8def\u5fb7\u4e8b\u540e\u4ece\u519c\u6c11\u8d77\u4e49\u4e2d\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u79c1\u4eba\u826f\u5fc3\u6cdb\u6ee5\u7684\u540e\u679c\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ea8\u5229\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u7acb\u5373\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u79c1\u4eba\u826f\u5fc3\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ea8\u5229\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u8c0b\u81e3\u4eec\u624d\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ee5\u516c\u5f00\u5ba3\u8a93\u89c4\u5236\u81e3\u6c11\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u5728\u91cd\u5211\u9762\u524d\u9009\u62e9\u5c48\u670d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u83ab\u5c14\u8fd9\u6837\u575a\u6301\u826f\u5fc3\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u501f\u7528\u4e86\u65b0\u6559\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u7206\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u65b0\u6559\u795e\u5b66\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5f31\u70b9\uff0c\u7a81\u51fa\u8868\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u8981\u5982\u4f55\u89c4\u8303\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\uff1f\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u8fd9\u826f\u5fc3\u771f\u7684\u662f\u53ef\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u4ea8\u5229\u516b\u4e16\u4e0e\u7f57\u9a6c\u51b3\u88c2\u65f6\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u53f7\u53ec\u81e3\u6c11\u4ee5\u826f\u5fc3\u4e3a\u7406\u7531\u62d2\u7edd\u670d\u4ece\u6559\u5ef7\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u8981\u5982\u4f55\u9762\u5bf9\u4ee5\u540c\u6837\u7406\u7531\u4e0d\u670d\u4ece\u7684\u81e3\u6c11\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u751f\u4ff1\u6765\u7684\u5185\u5728\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. 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href=\"#_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>\u6885\u5170\u5e0c\u987f\u540c\u610f\u4eba\u56e0\u7f6a\u800c\u8d25\u574f\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u8ba4\u8bc6\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u542f\u793a\u660e\u786e\u5ba3\u793a\uff0c\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5e76\u52a0\u4ee5\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u6885\u5170\u5e0c\u987f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b9e\u5b9a\u6cd5\u6709\u4fc3\u8fdb\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u529f\u6548\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e94\u5f53\u786e\u7acb\u548c\u89c4\u5b9a\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff1a\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u5b9e\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5e94\u5f53\u8fd0\u7528\u5341\u8beb\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5757\u6cd5\u7248\uff0c\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u786e\u7acb\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u3001\u656c\u62dc\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u5c5e\u7075\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u4ece\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u8bc1\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7ecf\u75311555\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5965\u683c\u65af\u5821\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u548c1648\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5a01\u65af\u7279\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u201c\u6559\u968f\u56fd\u5b9a\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn11\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u6b27\u767b\u9053\u666e\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u4fee\u6b63\u4e86\u6885\u5170\u5e0c\u987f\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002\u4ed6\u4ecd\u7136\u4ece\u5341\u8beb\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5efa\u7acb\u5baa\u6cd5\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u5211\u6cd5\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\u548c\u5951\u7ea6\u6cd5\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u548c\u8bc1\u636e\u6cd5\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u6cd5\u3001\u7a0e\u6cd5\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u6cd5\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>\u6b27\u767b\u9053\u666e\u5904\u7406\u826f\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u7f6a\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u504f\u89c1\u5730\u8bc9\u8bf8\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u8fc7\u5723\u7ecf\u3001\u7977\u544a\u3001\u5723\u7075\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u7406\u89e3\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5373\u4fbf\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u8d50\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u4e5f\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f7f\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn13\">[13]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u201c\u4e24\u56fd\u8bba\u201d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5145\u5b9e\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u8d8b\u5411\uff0c\u5373\u52aa\u529b\u5730\u4ee4\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u611f\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u5411\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u8fc7\u6e21\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u573a\u800c\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6743\u5bf9\u5f02\u89c1\u8005\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u8981\u6c42\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uff082\uff09\u53cd\u6297\u6743\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u6559\u968f\u56fd\u5b9a\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u59a5\u534f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u662f\u56e0\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u56fd\u4e0e\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\u9488\u5bf9\u5c11\u6570\u6d3e\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u65b0\u6559\u6559\u4f1a\u548c\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u63a7\u5236\u79c1\u4eba\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fbe\u6210\u5185\u90e8\u548c\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8def\u5fb7\u5f88\u53cd\u611f\u519c\u6c11\u8d77\u4e49\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u53ef\u201c\u51fa\u4e8e\u826f\u5fc3\u53cd\u6297\u6743\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u987a\u670d\u6743\u67c4\u3002\u6885\u5170\u5e0c\u987f\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u6c11\u987a\u670d\u3002\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u6885\u5170\u5e0c\u987f\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u670d\u4ece\uff0c\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u4fdd\u62a4\u81e3\u6c11\u65e5\u76ca\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u3002\u5230\u300a\u5965\u683c\u65af\u5821\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6885\u5170\u5e0c\u987f\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u53cd\u6297\u66b4\u541b\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b98\u5458\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6cd5\u82e5\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u76f8\u62b5\u89e6\uff0c\u5c31\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u6ca1\u6709\u7ea6\u675f\u529b\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn14\">[14]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u4e5f\u8c08\u5230\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u201c\u826f\u5fc3\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4ed6\u8c08\u5230\u201c\u826f\u5fc3\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u9075\u884c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8beb\u547d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u201c\u79c1\u4eba\u4e2a\u4f53\u201d\u4e5f\u8d1f\u6709\u6309\u7167\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u826f\u5fc3\u7684\u9650\u5ea6\u987a\u670d\u66b4\u8650\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn15\">[15]<\/a>\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u6ee5\u7528\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5f15\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e0d\u670d\u4ece\u4e0a\u5e1d\u65f6\uff0c\u81e3\u6c11\u624d\u6709\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6743\u5229\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u6297\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4f4e\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn16\">[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u8fb9\uff0c\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u82e5\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u5185\u5b58\u5728\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7a33\u5b9a\u6784\u6210\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u8fc8\u5411\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u8981\u7edf\u4e00\u81e3\u6c11\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a5\u53d7\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u6001\u52bf\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u5bf9\u80e1\u683c\u8bfa\u6d3e\u7684\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u3001\u739b\u4e3d\u5bf9\u65b0\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u65b0\u6559\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4e0d\u4ece\u56fd\u6559\u8005\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u5165\u8fd9\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8303\u7574\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u8840\u8165\u7684\u5c60\u6740\u548c\u538b\u8feb\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u65b0\u6559\u5b66\u8005\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u7ee7\u7eed\u4f5c\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6743\u610f\u56fe\u8089\u4f53\u6d88\u706d\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7acb\u573a\u8005\uff0c\u6d88\u6781\u7684\u670d\u4ece\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u884c\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7d27\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u63a5\u73ed\u4eba\u8d1d\u624e\uff08Theodore Beza\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u5bbd\u677e\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u6743\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u9488\u5bf9\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7684\u8840\u8165\u5c60\u6740\uff0c\u8d1d\u624e\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4f5c\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u7ee7\u7eed\u575a\u6301\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5fcd\u8010\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u4efb\u804c\u9700\u8981\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u516c\u5171\u540c\u610f\u201d\uff0c\u82e5\u5b98\u5458\u4e0d\u518d\u5c0a\u91cd\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u540c\u610f\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u4e3a\u201c\u516c\u5171\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u201d\uff0c\u4e0b\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u5e94\u5f53\u8868\u8fbe\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4ee4\u524d\u8005\u5931\u53bb\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f3a\u529b\u5265\u593a\u4ed6\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn17\">[17]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uff083\uff09\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u89c2\u5ff5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8d1d\u624e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5951\u7ea6\u8981\u6c42\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u5c0a\u91cd\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u5341\u8beb\u89c6\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u6070\u5f53\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a\u5b97\u6559\u6743\u5229\u3001\u751f\u547d\u6743\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u3001\u5a5a\u59fb\u6743\u3001\u5bb6\u957f\u6743\u548c\u8363\u8a89\u6743\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn18\">[18]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u80e1\u683c\u8bfa\u6d3e\u4fe1\u5f92\u5728\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u53cd\u6297\u6743\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u8d1d\u624e\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u8bf4\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4e0e\u4eba\u6c11\u4e09\u65b9\u7acb\u7ea6\u6784\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u795d\u798f\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u987a\u670d\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5219\u540c\u610f\u9075\u5b88\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6cd5\u5e76\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6743\u5229\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn19\">[19]<\/a>\u5728\u8377\u5170\u9769\u547d\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\uff0c\u65b0\u6559\u5f92\u4eec\uff08\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u3001\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\uff09\u4e5f\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6743\u5229\u8bdd\u8bed\u548c\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u53cd\u6297\u7687\u5e1d\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u8377\u5170\u8d77\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u7533\u8bc9\u8bf4\uff0c\u53cd\u6297\u66b4\u541b\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u4e43\u662f\u4ee5\u201c\u795e\u5723\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u201d\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn20\">[20]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5341\u8beb\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u9996\u8981\u7684\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5176\u8bba\u8bc1\u65b9\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ece\u4e49\u52a1\u8bba\u8f6c\u5411\u6743\u5229\u8bba\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u548c\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u8bba\u5341\u8beb\u65f6\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u90fd\u5728\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u6709\u9075\u5b88\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u800c\u5230\u4e86\u8377\u5170\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u963f\u5c14\u56fe\u4fee\u65af\uff08Johannes Althusius\uff09\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5bf9\u5341\u8beb\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u65e5\u76ca\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff0c\u524d\u56db\u6761\u8beb\u547d\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u6743\u5229\u548c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u540e\u516d\u6761\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u4fd7\u4e16\u7684\u6216\u6c11\u4e8b\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u6839\u672c\u7684\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u90fd\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u5b9e\u5728\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6743\u5229\u89c4\u5b9a\u90fd\u662f\u6839\u57fa\u6027\u7684\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn21\">[21]<\/a>\u6839\u636e\u5b97\u6559\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u963f\u5c14\u56fe\u4fee\u65af\u5c06\u4eba\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u81ea\u7531\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4e16\u4fd7\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6743\u5229\u8bdd\u8bed\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u3002\u53e4\u5fb7\u66fc\uff08Christopher Goodman\uff09\u8bba\u8bc1\u8bf4\uff0c\u5341\u8beb\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6388\u4e88\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u5265\u593a\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5ba3\u79f0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u62e5\u6709\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u90fd\u8981\u53bb\u5b9e\u8df5\u201d\u3002\u656c\u62dc\u771f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u514d\u906d\u5f3a\u8feb\u656c\u62dc\u5047\u795e\uff0c\u516d\u65e5\u52b3\u4f5c\u548c\u5b88\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\uff0c\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u5a5a\u59fb\uff0c\u540d\u8a89\uff0c\u6b63\u5f53\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u90fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn22\">[22]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ece\u4e49\u52a1\u5230\u6743\u5229\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8d4b\u4e88\u4eba\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u5bf9\u540e\u6765\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u65b0\u6559\u5f92\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u4e0e\u5e73\u5b9a\uff0c\u65e5\u76ca\u8d70\u5411\u4e00\u79cd\u53bb\u9664\u4e86\u4fe1\u4ef0\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ece\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u6743\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u3001\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u6765\u5c31\u6709\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u5fc5\u7136\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u201c\u5f02\u7aef\u7684\u6743\u5229\u201d\u3002\u55e3\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5efa\u56fd\u5386\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u5c31\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u9ad8\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u65e0\u53ef\u7f6e\u7591\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u8ba9\u6e21\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u5265\u593a\u3001\u5e76\u4e14\u4e5f\u662f\u795e\u5723\u7684\u201d\u826f\u5fc3\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn23\">[23]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uff084\uff09\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u7684\u53d1\u5c55<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u5e76\u884c\u7684\u662f\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u65e9\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u827e\u65af\u66fc\uff08Johannes Eisermann\uff09\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ece\u4eba\u5168\u7136\u8d25\u574f\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u4e2d\u6784\u5efa\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u5171\u540c\u5584\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u8d77\u521d\u662f\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u72af\u7f6a\u800c\u5815\u843d\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5815\u843d\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u751f\u547d\u53d8\u5f97\u201c\u91ce\u86ee\u201d\u800c\u201c\u77ed\u6682\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u653e\u5728\u4eba\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u706b\u82b1\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u7184\u706d\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f9d\u9760\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5185\u5728\u7684\u706b\u82b1\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5951\u7ea6\u63a5\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u670d\u52a1\u4ed6\u4eba\u548c\u826f\u5584\u5730\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u800c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5219\u4f9d\u7167\u4fdd\u7f57\u7684\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u7531\u8bb8\u591a\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u201c\uff08\u80a2\u4f53\uff09\u4e92\u76f8\u8054\u7edc\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn24\">[24]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8d1d\u624e\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u95f4\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u4e09\u65b9\u534f\u7ea6\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u6743\u529b\u867d\u7136\u7531\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8d4b\u4e88\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u540c\u610f\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn25\">[25]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u963f\u5c14\u56fe\u4fee\u65af\u5219\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u66f4\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u201d\u5f00\u59cb\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c06\u4eba\u9020\u6210\u6743\u5229\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u5176\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u7406\u6027\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5904\u5728\u5341\u5206\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u968f\u7740\u4eba\u7684\u6210\u957f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u5165\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8054\u5408\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\u548c\u540d\u8a89\u3002\u963f\u5c14\u56fe\u4fee\u65af\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u8054\u5408\uff1a\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8054\u5408\uff1b\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u613f\u8054\u5408\uff1b\u516c\u5171\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8054\u5408\u3002\u6210\u5458\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u7acb\u67d0\u4e2a\u5951\u7ea6\u800c\u8fdb\u5165\u8054\u5408\u3002\u6743\u5a01\u548c\u670d\u4ece\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u201c\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8054\u5408\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u5229\u8f6c\u79fb\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u540c\u610f\u670d\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6743\u5a01\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u675f\u7f1a\u3002\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u6743\u529b\u8005\u5219\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u4fdd\u62a4\u6210\u5458\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn26\">[26]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u5230\u963f\u5c14\u56fe\u4fee\u65af\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e5\u76ca\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u5bb9\u5fcd\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9762\u8c8c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u59cb\u7ec8\u5c06\u201c\u5b97\u6559\u6743\u5229\u201d\u7f6e\u4e8e\u9996\u4f4d\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8bba\u8bc1\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u4e45\u5c31\u88ab\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7528\u4e8e\u8bba\u8bc1\u653f\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6784\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u65b0\u6559\u6559\u4f1a\u4e0e\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u540c\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u540c\u6837\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u7ed3\u6784\u91cd\u6574\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u7ed9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u6781\u5927\u7684\u56f0\u6270\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u540c\u6837\u9700\u8981\u5bfb\u627e\u89e3\u51b3\u4e4b\u9053\u3002\u4ece\u963f\u5c14\u56fe\u4fee\u65af\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u89c2\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u518d\u524d\u8fdb\u591a\u5c11\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7684\u8e2a\u8ff9\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\uff0c\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u82e6\u4e8e\u5185\u6218\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u653f\u5236\u503e\u9893\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5bf9\u4eba\u4eec\u4ee5\u79c1\u4eba\u610f\u89c1\u62d2\u4e0d\u670d\u4ece\u65e2\u6709\u6743\u67c4\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u6df1\u6076\u75db\u7edd\uff08\u82f1\u56fd\u5185\u6218\u540c\u6837\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7eb7\u4e89\u76f4\u63a5\u6709\u5173\uff09\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u300b\u4e2d\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u3001\u5951\u7ea6\u5c06\u4eba\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u63a8\u5165\u653f\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u524d\u4eba\u663e\u8457\u5730\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u8bc9\u8bf8\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u5386\u4ee3\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5ba3\u79f0\u4ee5\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u4f5c\u63a8\u6f14\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u4e0e\u963f\u5c14\u56fe\u4fee\u65af\u6709\u6781\u5927\u7684\u4eb2\u7f18\u6027\u3002\u4ece\u540e\u8005\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u627e\u5230\u8bf8\u5982\u201c\u539f\u521d\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u201d\u3001\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u5b58\u6743\u5229\u3001\u8fdb\u5165\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u8054\u5408\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u7b49\u5173\u952e\u8981\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u5c06\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6392\u9664\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u663e\u660e\u4e86\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fdb\u6df1\u3002\u4f46\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u5e76\u975e\u6a2a\u7a7a\u51fa\u4e16\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e43\u662f\u63a5\u7eed\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u4ee5\u964d\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u65ad\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u5e76\u975e\u4ece\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u65e9\u5df2\u8574\u542b\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. 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href=\"#_ftn27\">[27]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bba\u5230\u6559\u4f1a\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u4e5f\u59cb\u7ec8\u9700\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u6536\u62e2\u79c1\u4eba\u826f\u5fc3\uff1f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5ead\u6559\u4f1a\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u5236\u53ef\u884c\u5417\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u7531\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u72ec\u4e00\u9886\u8896\u5411\u4fe1\u5f92\u704c\u8f93\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4ece\u800c\u5851\u9020\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\uff1f\u4f1a\u4f17\u6709\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u5417\uff1f\u7531\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u7267\u5e08\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. <\/strong><strong>\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a\u91cd\u5851\u826f\u5fc3<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f53\u4ee3\u6559\u4f1a\u9762\u4e34\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u201d\u8fdc\u6bd4\u4e00\u822c\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u590d\u6742\u3002\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u6c89\u6d78\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5e76\u4e50\u610f\u5c06\u201c\u826f\u5fc3\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u8def\u5fb7\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u5728\u610f\u8def\u5fb7\u5728\u5e1d\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u6240\u6301\u5b88\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u5e74\u4ed4\u7ec6\u67e5\u8003\u5723\u7ecf\u3001\u70ed\u5207\u7684\u7977\u544a\u3001\u771f\u8bda\u5730\u8ba4\u7f6a\u6094\u6539\u3001\u771f\u5b9e\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\u798f\u97f3\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u5851\u9020\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6539\u6559\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b64\u5e76\u975e\u6ca1\u6709\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\uff1a\u56de\u5230\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u5723\u7ecf\u548c\u5723\u7075\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u3002\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u6307\u51fa\u6559\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e94\u8f96\u5236\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u8981\u6c42\u4fe1\u5f92\u4ee5\u201c\u65e0\u6127\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u201d\u9075\u5b88\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u656c\u8654\u7684\u5fc3\u201d\u4e50\u610f\u987a\u670d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn28\">[28]<\/a>\u8d1d\u624e\u8bba\u8ff0\u6559\u4f1a\u653f\u4f53\u65f6\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5404\u6559\u4f1a\u4ee3\u8868\u51fa\u5e2d\u5b97\u6559\u4f1a\u8bae\u7f16\u5b9a\u7684\u4fe1\u6761\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u544a\u767d\u548c\u8981\u7406\u95ee\u7b54\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u4f1a\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u7977\u544a\u548c\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u89c4\u8bad\u4e0e\u6267\u4e8b\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u7684\u201c\u5fc3\u4e2d\u548c\u826f\u77e5\u4e2d\u201d\u201c\u5199\u4e0a\u201d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6839\u672c\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1b\u8fdd\u53cd\u8005\uff0c\u7ecf\u6559\u5bfc\u3001\u8b66\u6212\uff0c\u516c\u5f00\u7533\u65a5\u4ecd\u4e0d\u6094\u6539\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u7981\u6b62\u5723\u9910\u548c\u9664\u540d\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn29\">[29]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u79c1\u4eba\u5224\u65ad\u6743\u6cdb\u6ee5\u3001\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u76db\u884c\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u5efa\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u5236\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u704c\u8f93\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u8f96\u5236\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u548c\u6743\u5229\u610f\u8bc6\u5b9a\u4e49\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u3002\u6559\u4f1a\u9886\u8896\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u201c\u826f\u5fc3\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u56fe\u666f\u4e2d\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u8c28\u614e\u5730\u8c08\u8bba\u201c\u826f\u5fc3\u201d\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u6709\u8010\u5fc3\u5730\u5efa\u9020\u548c\u575a\u56fa\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba4\u771f\u6559\u5bfc\u5723\u7ecf\u3001\u7948\u6c42\u5723\u7075\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u91cd\u5851\u4fe1\u5f92\u8106\u5f31\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u704c\u8f93\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2018-01-04<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> [\u7f8e]\u54c8\u7f57\u5fb7\u00b7J\u00b7\u4f2f\u5c14\u66fc\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u9769\u547d\u2014\u2014\u897f\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u300b\uff0c\u8d3a\u536b\u65b9\u3001\u9ad8\u9e3f\u94a7\u3001\u5f20\u5fd7\u94ed\u3001\u590f\u52c7\n\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1993\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c136-139\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> Cummings, Brian. \u201cConscience and the Law in Thomas More.\u201d <em>Renaissance Studies<\/em> 23, no. 4 (2009): 467-470\uff1b\u53e6\u53c2\u4f40\u5316\u5f3a\uff1a\u300a\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u795e\u97f5\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u826f\u5fc3\u4e0e\u5baa\u653f\u3001\u5211\u4e8b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e972012\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c123-150\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> [\u7f8e]\u54c8\u7f57\u5fb7\u00b7J. \u4f2f\u5c14\u66fc\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u9769\u547d\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\uff09\uff1a\u65b0\u6559\u6539\u9769\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u300b\uff0c\u8881\u745c\u7424\u3001\u82d7\u6587\u9f99\n\u8bd1\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2008\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c80\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> [\u82f1]\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u6797\u8d5b\uff1a\u300a\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u53f2\uff08\u4e0a\u5377\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u5b54\u7965\u6c11\n\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99862016\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c291-292\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1[\u7f8e]\u7ef4\u7279\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u65b0\u6559\uff1a\u8def\u5fb7\u6539\u9769\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6559\u5bfc\u300b\uff0c\u949f\u745e\u534e\n\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u51fa\u7248\u793e2013\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c77-78\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> \u524d\u5f15\u4f2f\u5c14\u66fc\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u9769\u547d\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c102-103\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u5f15\u7ef4\u7279\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u65b0\u6559\u300b\u7b2c71-72\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> Cavendish, George. <em>The Life\nof Cardinal Wolsey<\/em>.&nbsp; London: Harding,\nTriphook &amp; Lepard, 1825, 153-156.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> Wegemer, Gerard B., and Stephen W. Smith, eds. <em>A Thomas More Source Book<\/em>. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of\nAmerica Press, 2004, 311-315.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> \u524d\u5f15\u7ef4\u7279\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u65b0\u6559\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c138\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c146-151\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c180-181\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c182-183\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a> \u524d\u5f15\u4f2f\u5c14\u66fc\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u9769\u547d\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c91\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> [\u7f8e]\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u7ef4\u7279\uff1a\u300a\u6743\u5229\u7684\u53d8\u9769\uff1a\u65e9\u671f\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u6559\u4e2d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u4eba\u6743\u300b\uff0c\u82d7\u6587\u9f99\u3001\u8881\u745c\u7424\u3001\u5218\u8389\n\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u51fa\u7248\u793e2011\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c57\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c58-61\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c123\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c151\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c99\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c174\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c201\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c142-144\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c358\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a> \u524d\u5f15\u7ef4\u7279\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u65b0\u6559\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c161-167\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a> \u524d\u5f15\u7ef4\u7279\u300a\u6743\u5229\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u300b\u7b2c146-147\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c215-219\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a> \u65b0\u6559\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u5f25\u5c14\u987f\u66fe\u7ecf\u628a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5951\u7ea6\u7406\u8bba\u6539\u9020\u6210\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u5951\u7ea6\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u4f1a\u53ea\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u7fa4\u5fd7\u540c\u9053\u5408\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u7acb\u7ea6\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u9009\u62e9\u52a0\u5165\u548c\u79bb\u5f00\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u90fd\u6709\u7ec4\u5efa\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u5f15\u7ef4\u7279\u300a\u6743\u5229\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c289-291\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a> [\u6cd5]\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\uff1a\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8981\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u94b1\u66dc\u8bda\n\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e972010\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c1237\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a> \u524d\u5f15\u7ef4\u7279\u300a\u6743\u5229\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c106-107\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u201d\u7684\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u8bba\u8005\u751a\u591a\u3002\u5c31\u5b66\u79d1\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u5b97\u6559 &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.freerain.org\/?p=759\">\u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-759","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-12","category-6"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.freerain.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/759"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.freerain.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.freerain.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.freerain.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.freerain.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=759"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"http:\/\/www.freerain.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/759\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":785,"href":"http:\/\/www.freerain.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/759\/revisions\/785"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.freerain.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=759"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.freerain.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=759"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.freerain.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=759"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}